What Should I Know as an Electrical Engineer?
1. Electric Current and Ohm’s Law
5. Capacitance
9. Electrochemical Power Sources
Classification of AC Motors;
Induction Motor: General Principal;
Construction Squirrel-cage Rotor;
Phase-wound Rotor;
Production of Rotating Field;
Three-phase Supply;
Mathematical Proof;
Why does the Rotor Rotate?
Slip;
Frequency of Rotor Current;
The relation between Torque and Rotor Power Factor;
Starting Torque;
Starting Torque of a Squirrel-cage Motor;
Starting Torque of a Slip-ring Motor;
Condition for Maximum Starting Torque;
Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Starting Torque;
Rotor E.M.F and Reactance under Running Conditions;
Torque under Running Condition;
Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions;
Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque;
The relation between Torque and Slip;
Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Torque
and Speed;
Effect of Change in Supply Frequency Torque
and Speed;
Full-load Torque and Maximum Torque;
Starting Torque and Maximum Torque;
Torque/Speed Curve;
The shape of the Torque/Speed Curve;
Current/Speed Curve of an Induction Motor;
Torque/Speed Characteristic Under Load;
Plugging of an Induction Motor;
Induction Motor Operating as a Generator;
Complete Torque/Speed Curve of a Three-phase Machine;
Measurement of Slip;
Power Stages in an Induction Motor;
Torque Developed by an Induction Motor;
Torque, Mechanical Power and Rotor Output;
Induction Motor Torque Equation;
Synchronous Watt;
Variation in Rotor Current;
The analogy with a Mechanical Clutch;
The analogy with a D.C. Motor;
Sector Induction Motor;
Linear Induction Motor;
Properties of a Linear Induction Motor;
Magnetic Levitation;
Induction Motor as a Generalized Transformer;
Rotor Output;
Equivalent Circuit of the Rotor;
Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor;
Power Balance Equation;
Maximum Power Output;
Corresponding Slip.
11. A.C. Fundamentals
Generation of Alternating Voltages and Currents;
Equations of the Alternating Voltages and Currents;
Alternate Method for the Equations of Alternating Voltages and currents;
Simple Waveforms;
Complex Waveforms;
Cycle;
Time-Period;
Frequency;
Amplitude;
Different Forms of E.M.F. Equation;
Phase;
Phase Difference;
Root Mean Square (R.M.S.) Value;
Mid-ordinate Method;
Analytical Method;
R.M.S. Value of a Complex Wave;
Average Value;
Form Factor;
Crest or Peak Factor;
R.M.S. Value of H.W. Rectified A.C.;
Average Value;
Form Factor of H.W. Rectified;
Representation of Alternating Quantities;
Vector Diagrams Using R.M.S. Values;
Vector Diagrams of Sine Waves of Same Frequency;
Addition of Two Alternating Quantities;
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors;
A.C. Through Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance;
A.C. through Pure Ohmic Resistance alone;
A.C. through Pure Inductance alone;
Complex Voltage Applied to Pure Inductance;
A.C. through Capacitance alone.
12. Complex Numbers
Mathematical Representation of Vectors;
Symbolic Notation;
Significance of Operator j;
Conjugate Complex Numbers;
Trigonometrical Form of Vector;
Exponential Form of Vector;
Polar Form of Vector Representation;
Addition and Subtraction of Vector Quantities;
Multiplication and Division of Vector Quantities;
Power and Root of Vectors;
The 120° Operator.
13. Series A.C. Circuits
A.C. through Resistance and Inductance;
Power Factor;
Active and Reactive Components of Circuit Current-I;
Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power;
Q-factor of a Coil;
Power in an Iron-cored Chocking Coil;
A.C.Through Resistance and Capacitance;
Dielectric Loss and Power Factor of a Capacitor;
Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance in Series;
Resonance in R-L-C Circuits;
Graphical Representation of Resonance;
Resonance Curve;
Half-power Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit;
Bandwidth B at any Off-resonance Frequency;
Determination of Upper and Lower Half-Power Frequencies;
Values of Edge Frequencies;
Q-Factor of a Resonant Series Circuit;
Circuit Current at Frequencies Other than Resonant Frequencies;
Relation Between Resonant Power P0 and Off-resonant Power P.
14. Parallel A.C. Circuits
Solving Parallel Circuits;
Vector or Phasor Method;
Admittance Method;
Application of Admittance Method;
Complex or Phasor Algebra;
Series-Parallel Circuits;
Series Equivalent of a Parallel Circuit;
Parallel Equivalent of a Series Circuit;
Resonance in Parallel Circuits;
Graphic Representation of Parallel Resonance;
Points to Remember;
The bandwidth of a Parallel Resonant Circuit;
Q-factor of a Parallel Circuit.
15. A.C. Network Analysis
Kirchhoff's Laws;
Mesh Analysis;
Nodal Analysis;
Superposition Theorem;
Thevenin’s Theorem;
Reciprocity Theorem;
Norton’s Theorem;
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem-Millman’s Theorem.
16. A.C. Bridges
A.C. Bridges;
Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge;
Maxwell-Wien Bridge;
Anderson Bridge;
Hay’s Bridge;
The Owen Bridge;
Heaviside Campbell Equal Ratio Bridge;
Capacitance Bridge;
De Sauty Bridge;
Schering Bridge;
Wien Series Bridge;
Wien Parallel Bridge.
17. A.C. Filter Networks
Applications of Filter Networks;
Different Types of Filters;
Octaves and Decades of frequency;
Decibel System;
Value of 1 dB;
Low-Pass RC Filter;
Other Types of Low-Pass Filters;
Low-Pass RL Filter;
High-Pass R C Filter;
High Pass R L Filter;
R-C Bandpass Filter;
R-C Bandstop Filter;
The-3 dB Frequencies;
Roll-off of the Response Curve;
Bandstop and Bandpass Resonant Filter Circuits;
Series-and Parallel-Resonant Bandstop Filters;
Parallel-Resonant Bandstop Filter;
Series-Resonant Bandpass Filter;
Parallel-Resonant Bandpass Filter.
18. Circle Diagrams
Circle Diagram of a Series Circuit;
Rigorous Mathematical Treatment;
Constant Resistance but Variable Reactance;
Properties of Constant Reactance But Variable Resistance Circuit;
Simple Transmission Line Circuit.
19. Polyphase Circuits
Generation of Polyphase Voltages;
Phase Sequence;
Phases Sequence At Load;
The numbering of Phases;
Interconnection of Three Phases;
Star or Wye (Y) Connection;
Values of Phase Currents;
Voltages and Currents in Y-Connection;
Delta (D) or Mesh Connection;
Balanced Y/D and D/Y Conversions;
Star and Delta Connected Lighting Loads;
Power Factor Improvement;
Power Correction Equipment;
Parallel Loads;
Power Measurement in 3-phase Circuits;
Three Wattmeter Method;
Two Wattmeter Method;
Balanced or Unbalanced load;
Two Wattmeter Method-Balanced Load;
Variations in Wattmeter Readings;
Leading Power Factor;
Power Factor-Balanced Load;
Balanced Load-LPF;
Reactive Volt amperes with One Wattmeter;
One Wattmeter Method;
Copper Required for Transmitting Power Under Fixed Conditions; Double Subscript Notation;
Unbalanced Loads;
Unbalanced D-connected Load;
Four-wire Star-connected Unbalanced Load;
Unbalanced Y-connected Load Without Neutral;
Millman’s Theorem;
Application of Kirchhoff's Laws;
Delta/Star and Star/Delta Conversions;
Unbalanced Star-connected Non-inductive Load;
Phase Sequence Indicators.
20. Harmonics
Fundamental Wave and Harmonics;
Different Complex Waveforms;
General Equation of a Complex Wave;
R.M.S. Value of a Complex Wave;
Form Factor of a Complex Wave;
Power Supplied by a Complex Wave;
Harmonics in Single-phase A.C Circuits;
Selective Resonance Due to Harmonics;
Effect of Harmonics on Measurement of Inductance and Capacitance;
Harmonics in Different Three-phase Systems;
Harmonics in Single and 3-Phase Transformer.
21. Fourier Series
Harmonic Analysis;
Periodic Functions;
Trigonometric Fourier Series;
Alternate Forms of Trigonometric Fourier Series;
Certain Useful Integral Calculus Theorems;
Evaluation of Fourier Constants;
Different Types of Functional Symmetries;
Line or Frequency Spectrum;
Procedure for Finding the Fourier Series of a Given Function;
Wave Analyzer;
Spectrum Analyzer;
Fourier Analyzer;
Harmonic Synthesis.
22. Transients
What is Transients;
Types of Transients;
Important Differential Equations;
Transients in R-L Circuits (D.C.);
Short Circuit Current;
Time Constant;
Transients in R-L Circuits (A.C.);
Transients in R-C Series Circuits (D.C.);
Transients in R-C Series Circuits (A.C);
Double Energy Transients.
23. Symmetrical Components
The Positive-sequence Components;
The Negative-sequence Components;
The Zero-sequence Components;
Graphical Composition of Sequence Vectors;
Evaluation of VA1 or V1;
Evaluation of VA2 or V2;
Evaluation VA0 or V0;
Zero Sequence Components of Current and Voltage;
Unbalanced Star Load form Unbalanced Three-phase Three-Wire System;
Unbalanced Star Load Supplied from Balanced Three-phase Three-wire System;
Measurement of Symmetrical Components of Circuits;
Measurement of Positive and Negative-sequence Voltages;
Measurement of Zero- sequence Component of Voltage.
24. Introduction to Electrical Energy Generation
Preference for Electricity;
Comparison of Sources of Power;
Sources for Generation of Electricity;
Brief Aspects of Electrical Energy Systems;
Utility and Consumers;
Why is the Three-phase A.C. system Most Popular?;
Cost of Generation;
Staggering of Loads during peak-demand Hours;
Classifications of Power Transmission;
Selecting A.C. Transmission Voltage for a Particular Case; Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy;
Steam Power Stations (Coal-fired);
Nuclear Power Stations;
Advantages of Nuclear Generation;
Disadvantages of Nuclear Generation;
Hydroelectric Generation;
Non-Conventional Energy Sources;
Photo Voltaic Cells (P.V. Cells or SOLAR Cells);
Fuel Cells;
Principle of Operation;
Chemical Process (with Acidic Electrolyte);
Schematic Diagram;
Array for Large outputs;
High Lights;
Wind Power.
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